Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder that mainly affects reading and writing skills.
The causes of dyslexia are complex and multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, neurological and environmental factors.
Here are some of the main causes and contributors:
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1. Genetic factors
- Genetic InheritanceDyslexia tends to run in families, suggesting a strong genetic basis. Studies show that if one of the parents is dyslexic, their children are more likely to be dyslexic too.
- Specific GenesResearch has identified several genes associated with dyslexia, which influence the development of reading and writing skills.
2. Neurological factors
- Brain DifferencesPeople with dyslexia often exhibit differences in the structure and function of certain areas of the brain, especially those related to language processing.
- Brain activationNeuroimaging studies show that individuals with dyslexia may have different brain activation patterns during reading tasks, such as less activation in the areas of the brain involved in phonological processing.
3. Cognitive factors
- Phonological awarenessDifficulties in perceiving and manipulating the sounds of words are common in people with dyslexia, affecting their ability to decode words.
- Working MemoryPeople with dyslexia may have problems with short-term memory, making it difficult to retain and manipulate information when reading and writing.
4. Environmental factors
- Educational ExperiencesThe quality and quantity of education received can influence the development of reading skills. However, dyslexia can occur regardless of the level of education received.
- Exposure to LanguageThe quantity and quality of exposure to language from an early age can have an impact on the development of reading and writing.
5. Pre- and Perinatal Factors
- Complications in Pregnancy and ChildbirthComplications during pregnancy or childbirth, such as low birth weight, prematurity and lack of oxygen at birth, can increase the risk of dyslexia.
- Nutritional factors: Nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy and the first years of life can impact on brain development and potentially contribute to learning difficulties.
6. Development-related factors
- Neurological DevelopmentAnomalies in neurological development during childhood can contribute to dyslexia.
- Developmental DisordersChildren with other developmental disorders, such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), may also have a higher risk of dyslexia.
Conclusion
Dyslexia is caused by a combination of genetic, neurological and environmental factors.
Although genetics plays a significant role, the interaction of these various factors results in individual variations in the manifestation and severity of dyslexia.
Understanding these causes helps inform better intervention and support strategies for individuals with dyslexia.
